How To Make Tree Cookies

Ever heard of a tree cookie? Sadly, unless you are a termite, you cant eat them. But you can use them to unlock the past of a tree. From its age to the weather conditions and hazards it faced in its lifetime, tree cookies can be used to better understand trees and their role in the environment. So what is a tree cookie? Tree cookies are cross-sections of trees that are usually around 1/4 to 1/2 inch in thickness. Teachers and ecologists use them to teach students about the layers that make up a tree and to illustrate to students how trees grow and age. Heres how to make your own tree cookies and use them at home or with your students to learn more about trees. Making Tree Cookies Just as with edible cookies, tree cookies are made using a series of steps in a recipe. Start by selecting a tree with a trunk or thick branches that you can cut to reveal the tree rings. Take note of the type of tree it is and where it came from.Cut a log that is about three to six inches in diameter and three to four feet long. (You will cut this down later but it will give you a good section to work with.)Slice the log into Cookies that are 1/4 to 1/2 inch wide.Dry the cookies. Yes you will bake these cookies! Drying the cookies will help prevent mold and fungus from decomposing the wood and will preserve your cookie for many years to come. Set them in the driveway in the sun, or on a drying rack in the yard for several days. Air flow is more important than sunlight, but if you can get both, that would be perfect.Sand the cookies lightly.If these cookies will be used in the classroom, cover with a coating of varnish to help them withstand years of handling. What Can You Learn From A Tree Cookie? Now that you have your tree cookies, what can you do with them? Here are several ways you can use tree cookies at home or in your classroom to teach students about trees. Take a closer look. Start by having your students examine their tree cookies with a hand lens. They can also draw a simple diagram of their cookie, labeling the bark, cambium, phloem, and xylem, tree rings, center, and pith. This image from Britannica Kids provides a good example. Count the rings. First,  ask your students to take note of the differences between the rings - some are light colored while others are darker. Light rings indicate fast, spring growth, while dark rings show where the tree grew more slowly in the summertime. Each pair of light and dark rings - called an annual ring - equals one year of growth. Have your students count the pairs to determine the age of the tree.   Read your cookie. Now that your students know what they are looking at and what to look for, help them understand what else a tree cookie can reveal to foresters. Does the cookie show wider growth on one side than the other? This could indicate competition from nearby trees, a disturbance on one side of the tree, a windstorm that caused the tree to lean to one side, or simply the presence of sloped ground. Other anomalies that students can look for include scars (from insects, fires, or a machine such as a lawn mower,) or narrow and wide rings that may indicate years of drought or insect damage followed by years of recovery. Do some math.  Ask you students to measure the distance from the center of the tree cookie to the outermost edge of the last summer growth ring. Now ask them to measure the distance from the center to the outermost edge of the tenth summer growth ring. Using this information, ask them to calculate the percent of the trees growth that took place in its first ten years. (Hint: Divide the second measurement by the first measurement and multiply by 100.) Play a game. Utah State Universitys Forestry Department has a cool interactive online game that students can play to test their tree cookie reading skills. (And teachers, dont worry, the answers are there too if you need a little help!)

P Jain School Of Global Management Essay - 967 Words

S P Jain School of Global Management Corporate Finance Assignment CF16S1G Please name your file: CF16S1G-Assignment-StudentID(GSEP15GF12).docx Your details Student ID: GSEP15GF12 (please replace ‘StudentID’ with your Student ID) Family name: JAIN (please replace ‘Family name’ with your family name) Given name: PULKIT (please replace ‘Given name’ with your given name) Word count: 1503 (max 1,500) Declaration ☒ I have included my StudentID, Family name, Given name and Word count in the fields provided in the above table. ☒ I have named my file using the file name format as specified in the instructions for this assignment: CF16S1G-Assignment-GSEP15GF12.docx ☒ I declare that this assessment item is my own work (except where acknowledged) and has not been submitted for academic credit previously in whole or in part. Please name your file: CF16S1G-Assignment-StudentID(GSEP15GF12).docx 1. The opportunity a) Industry Scenario Total basmati rice in India is to be estimated Rs. 10 billions. Out of which branded basmati rice is 50% in value 33% in volume. Exports Present Status - CAGR in export volume from 2010-14 is 22% - CAGR in exports value from 2010-14 is 57.14% - In 2013-14 export volume was 2015912 MT growths of 22% and sales value was Rs.10838 cr. growth of 14%. (Average export realization per MT Rs.54000) - CAGR realization per MT from 2010-14 is 14%. 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U.S. Federal Reserve Monetary Policy Free Essays

The United States is one of the few industrialized country in the world.   It is a country that is admired by many. The Americans have managed their finances quite well. We will write a custom essay sample on U.S. Federal Reserve Monetary Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Federal Reserves system of the United States is one institution that handles financial fraction of the United States of America. It is the central bank of this developed country that was created by the Congress in 1913 to aid in having a safe, flexible and stable monetary and financial system (http//www.federalreserve.gov). To keep up with the mission of the Federal Reserve, they have created Monetary Policy. This policy is about all the actions taken by the Federal Reserve System regarding the cost and availability of money as well as in promoting economic goals. The Monetary policy is a very powerful tool; it can make or break the status of economic variables like employment and prices of goods and services. This is a responsibility is very crucial for the economic status of the country since their decisions dictates the would be trend. The task of handling monetary policy lies in the hand of able team members of the Federal System, the Federal Open Market Committee. This committee includes the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Reserve Bank presidents (http//www.federalreserve.gov). Making monetary policies is a task that requires close scrutiny and careful examinations of data at hand. The Federal Open Market Committee has tools that aid them in making sound decisions about the policies that will be made by them and implemented country-wide. These three tools are open market operations, discount rate and reserve requirements. An open market operation is one tool used for monetary policies. This tool of monetary policy concerns controlling the supply of money by a buy and sell of U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities. They guide their decisions from the current status of the country’s economy regarding exchange rates or interest rates. The decisions are also based on an objective that is set by the Federal System. This objective is stipulated by the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC). The objective that is set by Federal Open Market Committee each economic year varies accordingly (http//www.federalreserve.gov). Though there is one thing that is constant is that they base their assessment on how to maintain the stability of prices in the market to encompass a sustainable growth. An open market operation has also change through time. Nowadays, it can also be done electronically. The discount rate is the second tool of monetary policy. The federal system has regional banks and they also give loans to other commercial banks and institutions. The interest rate charged to these intuitions is the discount rate (http//www.federalreserve.gov). This is not given to just any bank or any depository institution though. They have to still meet a specific set of requirements to be able to loan and on what level of credit scoring from the federal system. Reserve requirements are the third tool in creating a monetary policy. The Board of Governors has the exclusive right to amend a change regarding these requirements (http//www.federalreserve.gov). This dictates the minimum reserve regarding customers’ deposits and notes. This year, the recorded reserve requirements in America is ten percent on transaction deposits and zero on time deposits and all other deposits. The booming field of information technology has helped lift the economic conditions in the country. In 2005, it has recorded 12.41 trillion dollars as its gross domestic product (GDP). GDP is one of the measures used to indicate how good the economy of a country is doing. This rate will include the measures of all finished products created and services produced (Wikipedia). It is wise that companies and businesses in the United States have the flexibility to adapt innovations in the field of information technology to make them more profitable. Koznar (2005) has said in his speech that the current stability in the economy is also because of the labor markets contribution. He has attributed some qualities of the American economy that makes it successful. These qualities include flexibility,  Ã‚   trade liberalization, and The monetary policy of the United States has been into ups and downs but the Federal Reserve team members are determined to succeed and to maintain a high standard. They are aiming on a more efficient and effective operation by having just a few locations. Federal Reserve is an independent entity, it is neither under the government’s jurisdiction nor is it to be called a private institution. They make sure that the monetary policies that they implement are in accordance to what the economy needs to succeed by careful deliberating the information presented and analyzing diverse views of the team members. Each of the monetary policy council member also its own team help them in formulating their positions for the economy. The team is complete from an economist and a financial analyst to translate the trends in the market, a payments system expert to check if the policies will an advantage, to an attorney to make sure that every policy is in accordance with the law thus it will not be questioned. Success is nothing if you can not measure it. In an international trade scene, economies of scale will play a critical role in determining the unit cost that will increase returns. Better organizational skills are needed by a management team that is gearing towards success. These factors include how we perceive the environment, time, power, structures and space; the emphasis we place on relationships or tasks, on individuals or the collective; how we think and communicate. Productivity within a team needs to be established for this is critical regarding the success of a company or an institution. Each component contributes to the behavior of the system. No component has an independent effect on the system. The behavior of the system is changed if any component is removed or changed. Reference: Krozner, Randall S. â€Å"Remarks by Governor Randall S. Kroszner   At The Forecasters Club of New York†, September 27, 2006. Federal Reserve. Retrieved November 04, 2006 from http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/2006/20060927/default.htm Federal Reserve System. Monetary Policy. Retrieved November 04, 2006 from Wikipedia. Economy of the United States. Retrieved November 04, 2006 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States How to cite U.S. Federal Reserve Monetary Policy, Essay examples

Discourse and Discourse community free essay sample

The concept of Discourse and discourse community is very important in English reading and writing. Discourses are group members’ shared â€Å"ways of being in the world† (Gee 484). According to the authors we studied, Porter, Gee, Swales, Johns and Porter, we willingly or unwillingly are part of many different discourse communities or Discourses. Almost everything we do in our everyday life requires involvement in some discourse community. Discourse or discourse community is a very broad topic. The scholars we studied talk about their own points of views on Discourses and discourse communities which can be interpreted to get a more general definition. The word discourse community is first introduced by Porter while talking about intertextuality. Porter’s definition of a discourse community is very brief as he is only mentioning it to better explain his main focus of the writing, intertextuality. However, it is very useful in getting the general idea of a discourse community. We will write a custom essay sample on Discourse and Discourse community or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He says that discourse community is â€Å"a group of individuals bound by a common interest who communicate through approved channels and whose discourse is regulated† (Porter 91). He says that each discourse community has a distinct history and rules of governing appropriateness to which the members are obliged to adhere. He also mentions that an individual may belong to several discourse community of the same genre. While Porter only briefly describes the discourse communities, Swales, on the other hand, goes on to better explain the topic. His viewpoint on discourse community is very similar to that of Porter’s. Swales feels the need to clarify what is to be understood by discourse community. As a solution, Swales proposes six defining characteristics for identifying a discourse community. The characteristics are â€Å"A discourse community has a broadly agreed set of common public goals, a discourse community has mechanisms of intercommunication among its members, a discourse community uses its participatory mechanisms primarily to provide information and feedback, a discourse community utilizes and hence possesses one or more genres in the communicative furtherance of its aims, a discourse community  has acquired some specific lexis in addition to owning genres, and a discourse community has a threshold level of members with a suitable degree of relevant content and discoursal expertise† (Swales 471-73). These characteristics are especially important for our study on discourse community because they answer the indirect question asked by Porter in our earlier reading, which charact eristics determine a discourse community? It is also notable here that Johns also mentions these characteristics in her writing. Compared to other authors we studied, Gee takes a little different approach to this topic. His main objective is to get the reader understand what he calls â€Å"Discourse†. He uses a capital D on purpose to make a distinction between the term discourse and his definition of Discourse. Gee believes Discourse as an identity kit, which has guidelines on how to behave and respond to be identified by those others who are a part of the same community (Gee 484). Gee makes it clear that discourse also includes your outlook and beliefs. Gee explains further on the topic by distinguishing between primary and secondary Discourses. He says that family can be considered as a primary Discourse because one’s family is usually what influences them when they first begin socialization. Secondary Discourse is the socialization outside one’s family like School, work, teams, etc. Involvement in secondary Discourses is often voluntarily. This similarity of ideas can be seen in Johns work. While the previous authors we studied have significantly different ideas about Discourse and discourse community, Ann M Johns seems to take many of their ideas into account to develop her own point of view. She includes Swales’ six defining characteristics of a discourse community in her writing. Like James Gee, she too distinguishes between different types of discourse communities. She uses a wheel of chart to further break down the different types of communities. She mentions that a family or household can be considered as a discourse community and when people are born, they are involuntarily taken into this discourse community consists of the family members. It is important to note that this idea follows Gee’s idea about primary Discourse but conflicts with Swales’ idea that a discourse community has a set of common public goals. As seen in our study, the topic of Discourse and discourse community is broad and very important in our everyday life and we are part of many different discourse communities. Everything from interactions with your family or roommates to interaction with your teammates or collogues includes involvement in some sort of discourse community. Involvement in some communities is involuntarily and comes automatic while some are voluntarily and might require acceptance by the current members. These communities greatly influence your behavior and identity.